The Electronic Frontier Foundation, who had filed an amicus brief in support of the plaintiffs, said it was perverse to dismiss a suit for lack of proof (standing) when the surveillance program complained of was secret, and urged federal courts to tackle the serious constitutional issues that Upstream surveillance presents.[21] The plaintiffs filed an appeal with the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit on February 17, 2016.[22]
On May 23, 2017, the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals vacated the dismissal by the lower court of Wikimedia’s complaints.[23][24] The Court of Appeals ruled that the Foundation’s allegations of the NSA’s Fourth Amendment violations were plausible enough to “survive a facial challenge to standing”, finding that the potential harm done by the NSA’s collection of private data was not speculative.[7][23] The court thereby remanded the suit by the Foundation and ordered the District Court of Maryland to continue the proceedings.[8] The court inversely affirmed the dismissal by Ellis of the suits by the other plaintiffs; in its finding the court noted that the non-Wikimedia plaintiffs had not made a strong enough case that their operations were affected by Upstream’s scope.[7][23]
Six Degrees of Wikipedia
Find the shortest paths from article1 to article2.
colemannugent 49 minutes ago [-]
This makes the “How many clicks to Hitler” game much faster.
For those uninitiated, the game was to click the “Random Article” link in the sidebar and count how many links it took to get to Hitler. It is really interesting to see just how big of an event WWII was. Every country article has a section on their involvement or why they were not involved.
After playing with it more, this is pretty fun. I vote that a “degrees from Hitler” score be added to the top of every article. I think it might be an interesting proxy for how esoteric a particular page is.
replyhttps://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=16468196DRP14X3where
Omarosa Manigault
In September 2016, she said in an interview with Frontline: “Every critic, every detractor, will have to bow down to President Trump. It’s everyone who’s ever doubted Donald, who ever disagreed, who ever challenged him. It is the ultimate revenge to become the most powerful man in the universe.”[14][27] Shortly after Donald Trump won the election, Manigault stated that Donald Trump has an “enemies” list of Republicans who voted against him in the presidential election.[28]
In December 2016, Manigault was announced as one of the nine members to President-elect Donald Trump’s transition team.[29] In December 2016, Manigault accompanied former NFL stars Ray Lewis and Jim Brown to meet with President-elect Trump at Trump Tower.
.. she was a “Trumplican” and had switched her political affiliation to the Republican Party. She hopes more African Americans will follow her lead and do the same, given how she believes Democrats take African American voters for granted, making empty promises to them.[31]
.. In June 2017 Manigault signed an invitation for the Congressional Black Caucus (CBC) to visit the White House as “the Honorable Omarosa Manigault”. The use of the style the Honorable which is not usually given to political aides
.. In August 2017, Manigault was on a panel about losing loved ones to violence at National Association of Black Journalists convention in New Orleans. She got into a shouting match with moderator and fellow panelist Ed Gordon because his questions to her focused on Trump’s policies and not her personal history with losing family members to violence.[35][36]
.. Her older brother Jack Thomas Manigault Jr. was murdered in 2011.[44][45][46]
.. In August 2009, Manigault enrolled at the United Theological Seminary in Ohio to pursue a Doctor of Ministrydegree.[51] She received a preacher’s license in February 2011 from her church (Weller Street Missionary Baptist Church in Los Angeles, California) and was formally ordained on February 27, 2012.[52] In February 2012, she was working on finishing her degree at Payne Theological Seminary.[52]
Robert E. Lee: Wikipedia
He found the experience frustrating, since many of the slaves had been given to understand that they were to be made free as soon as Custis died, and protested angrily at the delay.[53] In May 1858, Lee wrote to his son Rooney, “I have had some trouble with some of the people. Reuben, Parks & Edward, in the beginning of the previous week, rebelled against my authority—refused to obey my orders, & said they were as free as I was, etc., etc.—I succeeded in capturing them & lodging them in jail. They resisted till overpowered & called upon the other people to rescue them
.. Less than two months after they were sent to the Alexandria jail, Lee decided to remove these three men and three female house slaves from Arlington, and sent them under lock and key to the slave-trader William Overton Winston in Richmond, who was instructed to keep them in jail until he could find “good & responsible” slaveholders to work them until the end of the five-year period.
.. Norris stated that after they had been captured, and forced to return to Arlington, Lee told them that “he would teach us a lesson we would not soon forget.” According to Norris, Lee then had the three of them firmly tied to posts by the overseer, and ordered them whipped with fifty lashes for the men and twenty for Mary Norris. Norris claimed that Lee encouraged the whipping, and that when the overseer refused to do it, called in the county constable to do it instead. Unlike the anonymous letter writers, he does not state that Lee himself whipped any of the slaves. According to Norris, Lee “frequently enjoined [Constable] Williams to ‘lay it on well,’ an injunction which he did not fail to heed; not satisfied with simply lacerating our naked flesh, Gen. Lee then ordered the overseer to thoroughly wash our backs with brine, which was done.”[53][57]
.. In 2000, Michael Fellman, in The Making of Robert E. Lee, found the claims that Lee had personally whipped Mary Norris “extremely unlikely,” but found it not at all unlikely that Lee had ordered the runaways whipped: “corporal punishment (for which Lee substituted the euphemism ‘firmness’) was (believed to be) an intrinsic and necessary part of slave discipline.
.. This [opinion] was the prevailing view among most religious people of Lee’s class in the border states. They believed that slavery existed because God willed it and they thought it would end when God so ruled.
.. However, despite his stated opinions, Lee’s troops under his command were allowed to raid settlements during major operations like the 1863 invasion of Pennsylvania to capture free blacks for enslavement.[73][74][75][76][77][78]
.. Emory Thomas says Lee had become a suffering Christ-like icon for ex-Confederates. President Grant invited him to the White House in 1869, and he went. Nationally he became an icon of reconciliation between the North and South, and the reintegration of former Confederates into the national fabric.