Sankin Kotai and the Hostage System

Alternate residence duty, or sankin kotai, was a system developed in the Warring States period and perfected by the Tokugawa shogunate. In essence, the system demanded simply that daimyo reside in the Tokugawa castle at Edo for periods of time, alternating with residence at the daimyo’s own castle. When a daimyo was not residing in the Tokugawa castle, he was required to leave his family at his overlord’s castle town. It was, at its simplest, a hostage system which required that either the daimyo or his family (including the very important heir) always be physically subject to the whim of the overlord.
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Retainer’s domain

The system involved burdens far beyond those of physical submission. Since the daimyo was a person of considerable status, he was expected to maintain a home within the overlord’s castle which was equal to his status. This expectation required, then, a castle and a mansion in the retainer’s domain and a mansion in Edo, each with the appropriate degree of staffing and luxury. In effect, an expensive burden was imposed on the daimyo, one which depleted his economic freedom to act. In addition, the daimyo was required to move between his home domain and Edo. Again, an appropriate degree of splendor was expected and this too cost money: horses and porters had to be rented, inns, food and entertainment had to be arranged and purchased, and an appropriate retinue of guards, servants, aides and advisors had to accompany a traveling daimyo. The total financial burden on daimyo during the Edo period is commonly reckoned at 25% of the net revenues available to the daimyo. Since display became a significant measure of status, ostentatious display in the process of sankin kotai increased the burden.

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Sankin kotai was formalized in the first decades of the Edo period so that certain hereditary retainers of the Tokugawa (the fudai daimyo) alternated in Edo every six months while most other daimyo rotated to Edo every other year. The schedule of travel along the five main highways was fixed, in part so that the burden of a daimyo’s retinue (usually 150 to 300 people), did not impose to great a strain on the transport facilities along the Nakasendo or any other highway used for travel: the exact route and duration of travel was also fixed so that travelers on the Nakasendo were much the same year after year.

17th century Highway System

17th century Highway System

The system promoted control by the Tokugawa over the entire country, moving Japan far away from the disunity of the Warring States Period to the nationalism of the 19th and 20th centuries. It also caused a more rapid emergence of a national commercial and financial system because the daimyo had to sell local products in national markets to provide the money necessary to pay expenses on the road and in Edo. Osaka and Edo became the central points of a national economy which unified the nation in economic terms even while the political system remained nominally decentralized. The system also brought together people and ideas, both on the highways as well as in Edo and other urban centers, and contributed to the emergence of Japan’s cultural unity. It was not, however, a universally loved system. When the Tokugawa shogunate began to lose power, it abolished sankin kotai in 1862. Within six months, nearly half the population of Edo left to return to their home domains. One daimyo even dismantled his residence and took it with him.

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Shinzo Abe’s Assassination: Make Japan a One-Parthy State: Make Japan Great Again

 

so here we have this is a video from DW

news which is a German uh public

broadcaster and they’re going to give us

a little bit of the background to the

assassination of Shinzo Abe the former

Japanese leader so let’s go ahead and

listen to some of that and then I’ll

give you more information on it Japan’s

former prime minister Shinzo Abe has

died after being shot at a campaign

event police say a 41 year old man has

been arrested in connection with the

shooting ABI was the country’s longest

serving Premiere and was well known for

his strong economic and defense policies

his killing has shocked yet Japan the

nation where Firearms are strictly

regulated and political violence so let

me just comment on that real quick there

were a bunch of uh people who lean right

and who are very pro-gun rights who used

the killing of Shinzo Abe to say look at

that bro obviously uh gun control laws

don’t work that is such a flipping and

glib and stupid response because there’s

only nine gun deaths per year in Japan

nine we have 39 000.

in the U.S

so

you gotta look at the macro statistics

and the macro statistics paint a very

very clear picture but they think

because one person was killed with a gun

they’re like oh well obviously gun

control laws don’t work well I’ll ask

those people would you rather have nine

gun deaths a year or 39 000 gun deaths a

year now by the way I’m not their laws

are super strict like way more strict

than what my preferences are but

you have to call a spade a spade and say

in terms of reducing gun violence oh it

absolutely works I mean there’s a

trade-off and you have no right at all

to a firearm there but it works in terms

of uh from a public safety perspective

anyway I digress this is extremely rare

[Music]

handled to the ground

what appears to be a weapon lying on the

road nearby clearly a makeshift weapon I

mean held together I think with literal

duct tape

people ran to the age of Japan’s former

prime minister as he lay seriously

wounded

he was quickly transferred to helicopter

and flown to hospital

at this point his condition was

described as critical but doctors were

unable to save him

confirming his death the hospital said

the 67 year old had suffered two deep

wounds including to his heart

the area in the city of Nara where this

veteran politician had been giving an

election campaign speech is now a crime

scene

the assassination has shocked Japan a

country where gun violence is rare

this is a dustedly and barbaric Acts

that took place in the midst of an

election

this is the basis of a democracy

and it’s absolutely unforgivable I would

like to use the harshest words to

condemn this act

Shinzo Abe was first elected Prime

Minister of Japan in 2006 making him at

52 the country’s youngest ever premier

it proved short-lived a year later he

quit following a string of party

scandals he was also suffering from

health problems

but he wasn’t gone for long in 2012 he

was back promising to revive Japan’s

flagging economy following years of

deflation

he even put his own name on the plan

urbanomics now by the way he was part of

What’s called the liberal Democratic

party in Japan but understand that the

liberal Democratic party is actually the

conservative party in Japan so I know

it’s so weird all these different

countries have these names for their

political parties and it will be like

contradictory to the actual ideology

that they have and that gets frustrating

and annoying but I just want everybody

to understand that he was a conservative

Abe was also hawkish on defense

expanding Japan’s military role after

years of pacifism yes let me explain

that a little bit there’s there’s um

pacifism in the Japanese Constitution

which was the United States either

helped write it or did write it after

World War II they made Japan a pacifist

Nation

for obvious reasons I mean they Japan

had allied with Nazi Germany they were

an Empire uh they had a viciously

barbaric Empire they you know massacred

Koreans they massacred uh Chinese when

they were an Empire and so they made

pacifism in the Constitution and Shinzo

Abe wanted to roll back the pacifism

that was in there and uh you know build

up the Japanese military

approved a controversial policy and he

failed to formally rewrite the country’s

pacifist Constitution

he did though bolster Japan’s security

alliance with United States

Abe was considered a strong leader on

the world stage but in 2020 he again

resigned citing poor health

it’s more just so everybody understand

it’s more

corruption than you know oh I have

health problems there were political

scandals and he uses the health thing as

an excuse

politics though was always in his blood

right up until the end

for more we can now apprecame so that’s

enough of that now let me give you some

more information on them

so um this is on the guy who killed him

the man accused of assassinating former

Japanese prime minister Shinzo Abe had

reportedly told investigators he

targeted Abe because he suspected he had

ties to a religious group that took a

huge donation from his mother law

enforcement sources cited by Kyoto news

had the suspect identified as 41 year

old tetsuya yamagami had first planned

to attack a leader of the unnamed

religious group before settling on Abe

instead yamagami is said to have told

police The Killing had nothing to do

with politics homemade guns and items

thought to be explosives were found

during a search of yamagami’s home on

Friday just hours after he allegedly

used a homemade firearm to gun Abe down

in front of a crowd watching him deliver

a campaign speech in the city of Nara

sources cited by Kyoto news said

yamagami admitted to traveling to

another city a day earlier where Abe had

had also given a campaign speech the

police chief of the perfect prefecture

which is the Japanese it’s a state

basically where the shocking killing

took place admitted on Sat today that

there were problems with the safety

measures taken and took full

responsibility for the lapses that led

to Abe’s death so look I haven’t seen

anything particularly convincing on the

motives of the guy who did this

assassination this is the line that I’ve

heard

um

seems kind of weak if you ask me I saw

some speculation that effectively the

guy who did The Killing was like

part of Japan’s version of Q Anon if you

will

um I don’t know I don’t know none of

this stuff seems particularly convincing

or solid to me in terms of developing a

motive

um more on Shinzo Abe here this is in

The Daily Beast Shinzo Abe was Trump

before Trump except he pulled it off

Japan’s former prime minister Shinzo Abe

died on Thursday in a scene reminiscent

of the Yakuza films he loved so much

that’s of course the Japanese Mafia

gunned down in a crowd by a lone shooter

who didn’t even try to escape the nation

was shocked to learn that he had passed

away when it was reported by state

broadcaster NHK there were many hoping

that he might still pull through and

Nara passerbys began to place flowers on

the site where he was shot some praying

for his safe journey through the spirit

world to his next Incarnation 15 years

before the bloody incident Shinzo Abe

was considered politically finished when

he resigned from office during his first

dentist prime minister he was exhausted

disliked and unable to weather the

tsunami of scandals that surrounded his

cabinet but in 2012 he came back from

the graveyard of failed Prime Ministers

to rule for almost eight years when news

spread that he had been shot twice and

was in critical condition his supporters

hoped that he might be able to pull off

another miracle a physical resurrection

that didn’t happen but the man who

Donald Trump adviser Stephen Bannon

famously praised As Trump before Trump

leaves behind a legacy that may have

forever changed pan he reduced it to a

Perpetual one-party democracy that seems

unlikely to change ABI certainly seems

to have had a Playbook that was similar

to Donald Trump’s he was a populist who

tapped into racism and fears of change

to stoke his base and consolidate power

during his Exile from Power Abe and his

cabinet members allied with anti-korean

and other xenophobic groups Abe drummed

up anti-korean sentiment to bolster his

support and made sure his allies did the

dog whistles while he kept his hands

clean while Trump portrayed immigrants

as the boogeyman threatening Japan I

think that was supposed to say

threatening America Abe latched on to

deep-rooted anti-korean sentiment

towards both the Korean residents of

Japan who stayed after the war and

citizens of South and North Korea former

colonies of Japan he appointed ariko

yamatani a woman closely associated with

the flamingly anti-korean group zaitoku

Kai to be the head of the National

Public Safety commission that oversees

National Police agency the National

Police agency he also embraced uh Nippon

kaiji a conservative Shinto cult and

political Lobby you could aptly compare

his alliance with them to Trump’s

absorption of the Tea Party and other

far-right elements of the Republican

Party

even while out of power the liberal

Democratic party with Abe exerting

influence developed plans for a new

Imperial Constitution for Japan the

removal of the post-war Constitution

which was written with the help of the

American occupation not by them as some

claim now during his political Exile Abe

even briefly became head of an extremist

Think Tank Nihon sosei which is create

Japan made up of ldp liberal Democratic

party lawmakers and other conservative

superstars in May 2012 the organization

released a clip of him Gathering titled

the swearing-in of the revised

Constitution for Japan in which he and

his cronies discussed the ldp’s

substitute Constitution there were some

astonishing moments a former Minister of

Justice nagasi jinen appointed during

Abe’s first term in office told the

crowd the people’s sovereignty basic

human rights and pacifism these three

things date to the post-war regime

imposed by MacArthur General MacArthur

on Japan therefore we have to get rid of

them by making the Constitution our own

Abe loudly applauded this get rid of

basic human rights democracy and wage

Warfare also restore the emperor to

power

in other words make Japan great again

it’s no wonder that years later Steve

Bannon would say that Abe was Trump

before Trump Abe for many

excuse me Abe for many years the most

powerful man in Japan’s ruling political

party the liberal Democratic party in

fact he was campaigning for their

candidates in the coming Upper House

elections when he was shot on Thursday

the ldp was founded in 1955 by Abe’s

grandfather a former war criminal who

also served as prime minister they were

funded with money from Yakuza associate

and CIA operative yoshio Kodama but

starting with his Fall From Grace the

ldp’s popularity sank in 2009 it seemed

like Japan might really change and for

the better for only the second time

since 1955 the perpetually corrupt and

archley conservative liberal Democratic

party was kicked out of power and the

liberal egalitarian feminist leaning

Democratic party of Japan took hold of

The reigns of power it was a revolution

but it didn’t last long the dpj had

risen to power partly with expectations

that they would be cleaner and less

criminal than the ldp but then one

scandal after another implicating the

party’s top management and unsavory ties

with the Yakuza through dirt on their

squeaky clean image the lower house

elections of 2012 were a political

meltdown almost all the opposition

parties including the dpj were decimated

and we know who returned from the

political graveyard ready to rule Japan

with a rusty iron fist Shinzo Abe was

quick to take revenge upon his critics

once back in power labeling the liberal

newspaper Asahi shimbun an enemy of the

people later he would tell Donald Trump

you should handle the New York Times the

way I handled acai

wow he bullied the left-wing media and

whined and dimed the right-wing media

dragging Japan’s press freedom from 11th

in the world to as low as 72nd Place in

in world rankings in 2014 he created a

cabinet Personnel Bureau which exercised

ruthless control of bureaucratic

appointments assuring that any

government worker who didn’t toe the

line or released information

contradicting the government was either

shunned fired or sidelined so very

authoritarian on press freedoms is what

you’re learning here

it worked very effectively and some

high-ranking officials even took it upon

themselves to cover up Abe related

scandals without direct orders to do so

television anchors and pundits that were

too critical of Abe vanished from the

airwaves the world’s largest newspaper

the yomiyuri shimbun smeared the biggest

critic in the education Ministry for

frequenty frequenting sexy bars in

kabukicho so smearing his political

opponents

he had no qualms about using the media

for defamation campaigns and the media

and eager for spoon-fed Scoops was happy

to comply eventually in 2020 the weight

of political scandals and an

investigation into election law

violations by Abe forced him to resign

under the guise of medical issues a few

months later he threw his political

secretary onto the bus and was more or

less exonerated he kept a low profile

for months but couldn’t resist the

Limelight Shinzo Abe failed to change

even one word of Japan’s constitution in

the end but did pass several laws that

are still eating away at it including

article 9 Japan’s Declaration of

pacifism his greatest achievement having

so thoroughly discredited opposition

parties in critical media that Japan

isn’t even reminiscent of a two-party

democracy it’s a one-party democracy

where the media has its tails between

its legs and is likely to stay that way

for decades

so

um

that gives you

um a look into who Shinzo Abe is what

his ideology is and um the background

around that

and then also look it super conservative

guy

um

wanted to be more militaristic make

Japan less pacifist uh hardliner on

immigration

anti-korean anti-chinese authoritarian

when it comes to the Press now that’s

not none of this is to say that homeboys

should have been assassinated of course

not uh but you should understand the

background and who Abe is and again as

far as the motive of the guy who did The

Killing

I still don’t have any answer that I

find uh convincing I told you what’s

been reported but you know I have a

feeling that maybe over time we’ll learn

more or maybe we’ll never learn more but

that’s not I don’t think that’s the full

the full reasoning so by the way we’ll

end on this note

um

as a result of the assassination now

Shinzo Abe’s right-wing party the

liberal Democratic party as it’s called

is even more popular

they surged in the polls after the

assassination so

there you have it

um you know giant political event and um

of course other world leaders have come

out and and uh

offered condolences and Trump said

something about

um Abe being assassinated uh Trump had

played golf with him a number of times

random side point but

anyway there you have it uh momentous

event of a former Japanese leader being

assassinated hey y’all do me a favor and

like And subscribe it helps out big time

in the algorithm click the Bell as well

for notifications when videos Drop and

watch that video on screen right now

you know you want to

 

 

Why were the Japanese soldiers in WW II so hesitant to surrender in battle?

Because they thought the enemy were like them. They thought that if for instance Tokyo fell, then it would be the rape of Tokyo (just like they did the rape of Nanjing).

It’s well known that when the Philippines fell the Japanese were very surprised of the amount of U.S prisoners and they were simply not prepared to house so many prisoners but i ask…

How many U.S soldiers would surrender if they knew that slavery, torture, starvation, humiliation and maybe death was going to await them at the Japanese prisioner camps?

Not many. Many would have fought to the death. Just like the Japanese fought rather than falling to the horrors they thought would await them at the hands of the westerners.

I’m actually now thinking in the female fighters of the middle east.

We have heard the cases of Syrian, Israeli, Kurdish, and other female fighters against ISIS that choose suicide over capture. Quite simply because they know that what awaits them. It’s rape, slavery or at least execution.

There were some Japanese women who committed suicide over capture for the same reason.

I don’t think they knew about the rape of Nanjing. But I think they were warned by soldiers and officials of what may happen to them.

Can Zhang gave an amazing answer (sorry I don’t know the link ) but I think it needs some more comments with this..

Disclaimer: Western Allies, Japan, Soviets, Chinese, and Axis all committed atrocities, but all on different levels. We just cannot compare the worst of the Allies with the worst of the Axis. They are on different levels.

Will A Japanese Banking Crisis Lead to Global Recession? | Recession Watch

Shannon McConaghy of Horseman Capital paints a dour picture of the Japanese banking system. He reveals the accounting tricks that have allowed these banks to survive in a predominantly negative-interest-rate world, and discusses why credit costs are finally rising. Shannon warns of a potential meltdown that could have far-reaching ramifications, in this conversation with Real Vision’s Roger Hirst. Filmed on July 11, 2019 in London.

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