But suppose there are 1000 other customers who also buy candle from you on every Sunday (mostly – with some percentage of variations) and all of them are Christian by religion. So, you can conclude that Alex, Jessica and Paul must be also Christian.
Now the religion of Alex, Jessica and Paul were not given to you as data. This could not be retrieved from the database as information. But you learnt this piece of information indirectly. This is the ”knowledge” that you discovered. And this discovery was done through a process called “Data Mining”.
.. As long as you are not dealing with predictive analysis or not discovering “new” pattern from the existing data – you are not doing data mining.
.. Clustering
Clustering is the method of assigning a set of objects into groups (called clusters) so that the objects in the same cluster are more similar (in some sense or another) to each other than to those in other clusters. Cluster analysis is widely used in market research when working with multivariate data. Market researchers often use this to create customer segmentation, product segmentation etc.
Gettier problem: Justified True Belief?
This led some early responses to Gettier to conclude that the definition of knowledge could be easily adjusted, so that knowledge was justified true belief that does not depend on false premises.
.. Bob has a friend, Jill, who has driven a Buick for many years. Bob therefore thinks that Jill drives an American car. He is not aware, however, that her Buick has recently been stolen, and he is also not aware that Jill has replaced it with a Pontiac, which is a different kind of American car.
Participants were then asked:
Does Bob really know that Jill drives an American car, or does he only believe it?
While Western participants’ responses were exactly what would have been expected by reading the philosophical literature, (Bob only believes that Jill drives an American car), the majority of East Asian participants actually reported the opposite (Bob truly knows that Jill drives an American car). A subsequent study was conducted with participants from the Indian subcontinent, and even more strongly divergent intuitions about Gettier cases were found.[12] There are many possible explanations for these findings and they may originate in translation ambiguities over the words “justified”, “true”, “belief” and “knowledge” and possibly depend on the mother-tongue make-up of the survey respondents.